Annals of the ICRP
Volume 36, Issue 1 , Pages 203-232 , March 2006

Annex C

C.6. References 

  1. Abrahamsson H, Antov S, Bosaeus I. Gastrointestinal and colonic segmental transit time evaluated by a single abdominal x-ray in healthy subjects and constipated patients. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl. 1988;152:72–80
  2. Adkin DA, Davis SS, Sparrow RA, Huckle PD, Phillips AJ, Wilding IR. The effects of pharmaceutical excipients on small intestinal transit. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1995;39:381–387
  3. Aly YA. Digital radiography in the evaluation of oesophageal motility disorders. Clin. Radiol. 2000;55:561–568
  4. Ang ES, Lim TC, Goh AS, Toh HJ, Sundram FX. Radionuclide measurement of liquid and solid gastric emptying in normal subjects in Singapore. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore. 1986;15:511–515
  5. Annese V, Bassotti G, Napolitano G, Frusciante V, Bruno M, Conoscitore P, et al. Gastric emptying of solids in patients with nonobstructive Crohn’s disease is sometimes delayed. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 1995;21:279–282
  6. Argenyi EE, Soffer EE, Jadsen MT, Berbaum KS, Walkner WO. Scintigraphic evaluation of small bowel transit in healthy subjects: inter- and intrasubject variability. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1995;90:938–942
  7. Arhan P, Devroede G, Jehannin B, Lanza M, Faverdin C, Dornic C, et al. Segmental colonic transit time. Dis. Colon Rectum. 1981;24:625–629
  8. Bannister JJ, Timms JM, Barfield LJ, Donnelly TC, Read NW. Physiological studies in young women with chronic constipation. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 1986;1:175–182
  9. Barnett C, Snel A, Omari T, Davidson G, Haslam R, Butler R. Reproducibility of the 13C-octanoic acid breath test for assessment of gastric emptying in healthy preterm infants. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 1999;29:26–30
  10. Basile M, Neri M, Carriero A, Casciardi S, Comani S, Del Gratta C, et al Measurement of segmental transit through the gut in man. A novel approach by the biomagnetic method. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1992;37:1537–1543
  11. Bateman DN. Effects of meal temperature and volume on the emptying of liquid from the human stomach. J. Physiol. 1982;331:461–467
  12. Bautista Casasnovas A, Varela Cives R, Villanueva Jeremias A, Castro-Gago M, Cadranel S, Tojo Sierra R. Measurement of colonic transit time in children. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 1991;13:42–45
  13. Beaulieu F, Picon L, Beaulieu JL, Guilloteau D, Paycha F, Metman E. Transit radio-isotopique de l’oesophage. Médicine Nucléaire - Imagerie fonctionelle et métabolique. 1996;20:108–115
  14. Benninga MA, Buller HA, Tytgat GN, Akkermans LM, Bossuyt PM, Taminiau JA. Colonic transit time in constipated children: does pediatric slow-transit constipation exist?. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 1996;23:241–251
  15. Bennink R, Peeters M, van den Maegdenbergh V, Geypens B, Rutgeerts P, De Roo M, et al. Comparison of total and compartmental gastric emptying and antral motility between healthy men and women. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1998;25:1293–1299
  16. Bennink R, Peeters M, van den Maegdenbergh V, Geypens B, Rutgeerts P, De Roo M, et al. Evaluation of small-bowel transit for solid and liquid test meal in healthy men and women. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1999;26:1560–1566
  17. Bergmann JF, Chaussade S, Couturier D, Baumer P, Schwartz JC, Lecomte JM. Effects of acetorphan, an antidiarrhoeal enkephalinase inhibitor, on oro-caecal and colonic transit times in healthy volunteers. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 1992;6:305–313
  18. Berseth CL. Gestation evolution of small intestine motility in preterm and term infants. J. Pediatr. 1989;115:646–651
  19. Birkebaek NH, Memmert K, Mortensen J, Dirksen H, Christensen MF. Fractional gastrointestinal transit time: intra- and interindividual variation. Nucl. Med. Commun. 1990;11:247–252
  20. Bisset WM, Watt JB, Rivers RPA, Milla PJ. Ontogeny of fasting small intestinal motor activity in the human infant. Gut. 1988;29:483–488
  21. Boekema PJ, Lo B, Samsom M, Akkermans LM, Smout AJ. The effect of coffee on gastric emptying and oro-caecal transit time. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 2000;30:129–134
  22. Bond JH, Levitt MD, Prentiss R. Investigation of small bowel transit time in man utilizing pulmonary hydrogen (H2) measurements. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1975;85:546–555
  23. Bouchoucha M, Thomas SR. Error analysis of classic colonic transit time estimates. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2000;279:G520–G527
  24. Bougle D, Roland N, Lebeurrier F, Arhan P. Effect of propionibacteria supplementation on faecal bifidobacteria and segmental colonic transit time in healthy human subjects. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1999;34:144–148
  25. Brinch K, Larsson HB, Madsen JL. A deconvolution technique for processing small intestinal transit data. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1999;26:272–276
  26. In:  Brobeck JR editors. Best and Taylor’s Physiological Basis of Medical Practice. Tenth ed.. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1979;
  27. Brogna A, Ferrara R, Bucceri AM, Lanteri E, Catalano F. Influence of aging on gastrointestinal transit time. An ultrasonographic and radiologic study. Invest. Radiol. 1999;34:357–359
  28. Brogna A, Ferrara R, Scornavacca G, Lombardo A, Bucceri A, Catalano F, et al. Cisapride and gastric emptying of a solid meal in dyspeptic diabetics without autonomic neuropathy and in healthy volunteers. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1989;37:411–413
  29. Brophy CM, Moore JG, Christian PE, Egger MJ, Taylor AT. Variability of gastric emptying measurements in man employing standardized radiolabeled meals. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1986;31:799–806
  30. Brunetto AL, Pearson AD, Gibson R, Bateman DN, Rashid MU, Laker MF. The effect of pharmacological modification of gastric emptying and mouth-to-caecum transit time on the absorption of sugar probe marker molecules of intestinal permeability in normal man. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 1990;20:279–284
  31. Burkitt DP, Walker AR, Painter NS. Effect of dietary fibre on stools and the transit times, and its role in the causation of disease. Lancet. 1972;7792:1408–1412
  32. Buysschaert M, Moulart M, Urbain JL, Pauwels S, de Roy L, Ketelslegers JM, et al. Impaired gastric emptying in diabetic patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 1987;10:448–452
  33. Calbet JA, MacLean DA. Role of caloric content on gastric emptying in humans. J. Physiol. (Lond.). 1997;498:553–559
  34. Camboni G, Basilisco G, Bozzani A, Bianchi PA. Repeatability of lactulose hydrogen breath test in subjects with normal or prolonged orocecal transit. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1988;33:1525–1527
  35. Camilleri M, Colemont LJ, Phillips SF, Brown ML, Thomforde GM, Chapman N, et al. Human gastric emptying and colonic filling of solids characterized by a new method. Am. J. Physiol. 1989;257:G284–G290
  36. Cammack J, Read NW, Cann PA, Greenwood B, Holgate AM. Effect of prolonged exercise on the passage of a solid meal through the stomach and small intestine. Gut. 1982;23:957–961
  37. Caner BE, Ercan MT, Kapucu LO, Tuncel SA, Bekdik CF, Erbengi GF, et al. Functional assessment of human gastrointestinal tract using 99Tcm-latex particles. Nucl. Med. Commun. 1991;12:539–544
  38. Cann PA, Read NW, Brown C, Hobson N, Holdsworth CD. Irritable bowel syndrome: relationship of disorders in the transit of a single solid meal to symptom patterns. Gut. 1983;24:405–411
  39. Carbonnel F, Lemann M, Rambaud JC, Mundler O, Jian R. Effect of the energy density of a solid-liquid meal on gastric emptying and satiety. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1994;60:307–311
  40. Cavell B. Reservoir and emptying function of the stomach of the premature infant. Acta Paediatr. Scand. Suppl. 1982;296:60–61
  41. Chacko A. Colonic function in cirrhosis of liver and in healthy controls. Indian J. Med. Res. 1997;105:220–225
  42. Chang FY, Lee CT, Yeh CL, Lee SD, Chu LS. Correlation of esophageal manometry and radionuclide esophageal transit in normal subjects. Chin. J. Physiol. 1995;38:43–46
  43. Channer KS, Virjee JP. The effect of formulation on oesophageal transit. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1985;37:126–129
  44. Channer KS, Virjee JP. The effect of size and shape of tablets on their esophageal transit. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1986;26:141–146
  45. Chaussade S, Roche H, Khyari A, Couturier D, Guerre J. Measurement of colonic transit time: description and validation of a new method. Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. 1986;10:385–389
  46. Chen K. Gastric emptying time with 99mTc-resin solid experiment meal. Chung Hua Nei Ko Tsa Chih. 1993;32:302–305
  47. Chen CY, Lu CL, Chang FY, Wang YY, Jiun KL, Lu RH, et al. Delayed liquid gastric emptying in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2000;95:3230–3237
  48. Cheskin LJ, Kamal N, Crowell MD, Schuster MM, Whitehead WE. Mechanisms of constipation in older persons and effects of fiber compared with placebo. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1995;43:666–669
  49. Chiloiro M, Caroli M, Guerra V, Lodadea Piepoli A, Riezzo G. Gastric emptying in normal weight and obese children – an ultrasound study. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 1999;23:1303–1306
  50. Christian PE, Datz FL, Moore JG. Gastric emptying studies in the morbidly obese before and after gastroplasty. J. Nucl. Med. 1986;27:1686–1690
  51. Colley JRT, Creamer B. Sucking and swallowing in infants. BMJ. 1958;2:422–423
  52. Collins CE, Francis JL, Thomas P, Henry RL, O’Loughlin EV. Gastric emptying time is faster in cystic fibrosis. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 1997;25:492–498
  53. Corazziari E, Cucchiara S, Staiano A, Romaniello G, Tamburrini O, Torsoli A, et al. Gastrointestinal transit time, frequency of defecation, and anorectal manometry in healthy and constipated children. J. Pediatr. 1985;106:379–382
  54. Cronin M, Mann MD, Wynchank S. Transit through the distal quarter of the oesophagus in young children. Ann. Nucl. Med. 1995;9:199–201
  55. Cunningham KM, Daly J, Horowitz M, Read NW. Gastrointestinal adaptation to diets of differing fat composition in human volunteers. Gut. 1991;32:483–486
  56. Cunningham KM, Horowitz M, Read NW. The effect of short-term dietary supplementation with glucose on gastric emptying in humans. Br. J. Nutr. 1991;65:15–19
  57. Daghastanli NA, Braga FJ, Oliveira RB, Baffa O. Oesophageal transit time evaluated by a biomagnetic method. Physiol. Meas. 1998;19:413–420
  58. Dalvi SS, Nadkarni PM, Gupta KC. Effect of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) on gastric emptying time in normal healthy volunteers. J. Postgrad. Med. 1990;36:91–94
  59. Datz FL, Christian PE, Moore J. Gender-related differences in gastric emptying. J. Nucl. Med. 1987;28:1204–1207
  60. Davies KN, King D, Billington D, Barrett JA. Intestinal permeability and orocaecal transit time in elderly patients with Parkinson’s disease. Postgrad. Med. J. 1996;72:164–167
  61. Davis SS, Hardy JG, Fara JW. Transit of pharmaceutical dosage forms through the small intestine. Gut. 1986;27:886–892
  62. Degen LP, Phillips SF. Variability of gastrointestinal transit in healthy women and men. Gut. 1996;39:299–305
  63. Degen LP, von Flue MO, Collet A, Hamel C, Beglinger C, Harder F. Ileocecal segment transposition does not alter whole gut transit in humans. Ann. Surg. 1997;226:746–751
  64. Desautels SG, Hutson WR, Christian PE, Moore JG, Datz FL. Gastric emptying response to variable oral erythromycin dosing in diabetic gastroparesis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1995;40:141–146
  65. De Vincentis N, Lenti R, Pona C, Lococo A, Crisci R, Coloni GF, et al. Scintigraphic evaluation of the oesophageal transit time for the noninvasive assessment of oesophageal motor disorders. J. Nucl. Med. Allied Sci. 1984;28:137–142
  66. Di Martino N, Fei L, Maffettone V, Amato G, Izzo G, Del Genio A. Radionuclide techniques in the study of delayed gastric emptying in patients with gastrooesophageal reflux. Ital. J. Surg. Sci. 1985;15:17–22
  67. Ditto B, Miller SB, Barr RG. A one-hour active coping stressor reduces small bowel transit time in healthy young adults. Psychosom. Med. 1998;60:7–10
  68. Djaldetti R, Baron J, Ziv I, Melamed E. Gastric emptying in Parkinson’s disease: patients with and without response fluctuations. Neurology. 1996;46:1051–1054
  69. Dobson CL, Davis SS, Chauhan S, Sparrow RA, Wilding IR. The effect of oleic acid on the human ileal brake and its implications for small intestinal transit of tablet formulations. Pharm. Res. 1999;16:92–96
  70. Dumitrascu DL, Granescu S. Colonic transit investigated by radiopaque markers in females with irritable bowel syndrome: no correlation with symptoms and chronic stress. Rom. J. Intern. Med. 1996;34:225–231
  71. Eckardt VF, Krause J, Bolle D. Gastrointestinal transit and gastric acid secretion in patients with achalasia. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1989;34:665–671
  72. Ernst JA, Rickard KA, Neal PR, Yu P-L, Oei TO, Lemons JA. Lack of improved growth outcome related to nonnutritive sucking in very low birth weight premature infants fed a controlled nutrient intake: a randomized prospective study. Pediatrics. 1989;83:706–716
  73. Escalante R, Sorgi M, Salas Z. Total and segmental colonic transit time. Clinical and prospective study using radiopaque markers in normal subjects. G E N. 1993;47:88–92
  74. Evans JM, Fleming KC, Talley NJ, Schleck CD, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ. Relation of colonic transit to functional bowel disease in older people: a population-based study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1998;46:83–87
  75. Evans MA, Triggs EJ, Cheung M, Broe GA, Creasey H. Gastric emptying rate in the elderly: implications for drug therapy. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1981;29:201–205
  76. Ewe K, Press AG, Dederer W. Gastrointestinal transit of undigestible solids measured by metal detector EAS II. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 1989;19:291–297
  77. Ewer AK, Durbin GM, Morgan ME, Booth IW. Gastric emptying in preterm infants. Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1994;71:F24–F27
  78. Ewer AK, Yu VY. Gastric emptying in pre-term infants: the effect of breast milk fortifier. Acta Paediatr. 1996;85:1112–1115
  79. Fallingborg J, Christensen LA, Ingeman-Nielsen M, Jacobsen BA, Abildgaard K, Rasmussen HH. pH-profile and regional transit times of the normal gut measured by a radiotelemetry device. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 1989;3:605–613
  80. Fallingborg J, Christensen LA, Ingeman-Nielsen M, Jacobsen BA, Abildgaard K, Rasmussen HH, et al. Gastrointestinal pH and transit times in healthy subjects with ileostomy. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 1990;4:247–253
  81. Fallingborg J, Christensen LA, Ingeman-Nielsen M, Jacobsen BA, Abildgaard K, Rasmussen HH, et al. Measurement of gastrointestinal pH and regional transit times in normal children. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 1990;11:211–214
  82. Fallingborg J, Pedersen P, Jacobsen BA. Small intestinal transit time and intraluminal pH in ileocecal resected patients with Crohn’s disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1998;43:702–705
  83. Ferrara A, Pemberton JH, Grotz RL, Hanson RB. Prolonged ambulatory recording of anorectal motility in patients with slow-transit constipation. Am. J. Surg. 1994;167:73–79
  84. Fisher RS, Malmud LS, Applegate G, Rock E, Lorber SH. Effect of bolus composition on esophageal transit: concise communication. J. Nucl. Med. 1982;23:878–882
  85. Folwaczny C, Hundegger K, Volger C, Sorodoc J, Kuhn M, Tatsch K, et al. Measurement of transit disorders in different gastrointestinal segments of patients with diabetes mellitus in relation to duration and severity of the disease by use of the metal-detector test. Z. Gastroenterol. 1995;33:517–526
  86. Folwaczny C, Laritz M, Meurer M, Endres SP, Konig A, Schindlbeck N. Effects of various prokinetic drugs on gastrointestinal transit times in patients with progressive systemic scleroderma. Z. Gastroenterol. 1997;35:905–912
  87. Foman SJ, Filer LJ. Milks and formulas. In:  Foman SJ editors. Infant Nutrition. second ed.. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.; 1974;p. 359–407
  88. Galati JS, Holdeman KP, Bottjen PL, Quigley EM. Gastric emptying and orocecal transit in portal hypertension and end-stage chronic liver disease. Liver Transpl. Surg. 1997;3:34–38
  89. Gallo SH, McClave SA, Makk LJ, Looney SW. Standardization of clinical criteria required for use of the 12.5 millimeter barium tablet in evaluating oesophageal lumenal patency. Gastrointest. Endosc. 1996;44:181–184
  90. Gatti C, di Abriola F, Dall’Oglio L, Villa M, Franchini F, Amarri S. Is the 13C-acetate breath test a valid procedure to analyse gastric emptying in children?. J. Pediatr. Surg. 2000;35:62–65
  91. Gentry RT, Baraona E, Amir I, Roine R, Chayes ZW, Sharma R, et al. Mechanism of the aspirin-induced rise in blood alcohol levels. Life Sci. 1999;65:2505–2512
  92. Geypens B, Bennink R, Peeters M, Evenepoel P, Mortelmans L, Maes B, et al. Validation of the lactose-[13C]ureide breath test for determination of orocecal transit time by scintigraphy. J. Nucl. Med. 1999;40:1451–1455
  93. Gilbey SG, Watkins PJ. Measurement by epigastric impedance of gastric emptying in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabet. Med. 1987;4:122–126
  94. Gill RC, Murphy PG, Hooper HR, Bowes KL, Kingma YL. Effect of the menstrual cycle on gastric emptying. Digestion. 1987;36:168–174
  95. Gisel EG. Chewing cycles in 2- to 8-year-old normal children: a developmental profile. Am. J. Occup. Ther. 1988;42:40–46
  96. Gisel, E.G., Patrick, J., 1988. Identification of children with cerebral palsy unable to maintain a normal nutritional state. Lancet I (8580), 283–285.
  97. Glasbrenner B, Pieramico O, Brecht-Krauss D, Baur M, Malfertheiner P. Gastric emptying of solids and liquids in obesity. Clin. Investig. 1993;71:542–546
  98. Glasbrenner B, Pieramico O, Holzwarth C, Malfertheiner P. Simultaneous sonographic study of postprandial gastric emptying and gallbladder contraction. Bildgebung. 1992;59:88–93
  99. Glinoer D, Verelst J, Ham HR. Abnormalities of oesophageal transit in patients with sporadic nontoxic goitre. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1987;13:239–243
  100. Gogler H. Intestinal transit time in Togo (Western Africa) and Germany. Z. Gastroenterol. 1976;14:280–284
  101. Gonzalez A, Mugueta C, Parra D, Labayen I, Martinez A, Varo N, et al. Characterisation with stable isotopes of the presence of a lag phase in the gastric emptying of liquids. Eur. J. Nutr. 2000;39:224–228
  102. Goo RH, Moore JG, Greenberg E, Alazraki NP. Circadian variation in gastric emptying of meals in humans. Gastroenterology. 1987;93:515–518
  103. Gorard DA, Gomborone JE, Libby GW, Farthing MJ. Intestinal transit in anxiety and depression. Gut. 1996;39:417–418
  104. Gorard DA, Libby GW, Farthing MJ. Influence of antidepressants on whole gut and orocaecal transit times in health and irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 1994;8:159–166
  105. Griga T, Schmidthaus C, Dietrich W, May B. Effect of stomach motility on measuring stomach permeability with saccharose in vivo. Z. Gastroenterol. 1999;37:271–275
  106. Gryback P, Naslund E, Hellstrom PM, Jacobsson H, Backman L. Gastric emptying of solids in humans: improved evaluation by Kaplan-Meier plots, with special reference to obesity and gender. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1996;23:1562–1567
  107. Guillet J, Wynchank S, Basse-Cathalinat B, Christophe E, Ducassou D, Blanquet P. Pediatric oesophageal scintigraphy. Results of 200 studies. Clin. Nucl. Med. 1983;8:427–433
  108. Guy Grand B, Lehnert V, Doassans M, Bellisle F. Type of test-meal affects palatability and eating style in humans. Appetite. 1994;22:125–134
  109. Guyton AC. Human Physiology and Mechanisms of Disease. third ed.. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1982;
  110. Hallerback B, Glise H, Karlsson F, Tegnebjer M. Beta-adrenoceptor blockade does not modify gastrointestinal transit time in healthy volunteers. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1988;23:817–820
  111. Ham HR, Piepsz A, Georges B, Verelst J, Guillaume M, Cadranel S. Quantitation of oesophageal transit by means of Kr-81m. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1984;9:362–365
  112. Ham HR, Piepsz A, Georges B, Delaet MH, Rodesch P, Guillaume M, et al. Evaluation of oesophageal transit in children and in infants by means of krypton-81 m. Pediatr. Radiol. 1985;15:161–164
  113. Hammer J, Hammer K, Kletter K. Lipids infused into the jejunum accelerate small intestinal transit but delay ileocolonic transit of solids and liquids. Gut. 1998;43:111–116
  114. Hammer J, Phillips SF. Fluid loading of the human colon: effects on segmental transit and stool composition. Gastroenterology. 1993;105:988–998
  115. Hanson M, Lilja B. Gastric emptying in smokers. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1987;22:1102–1104
  116. Hebden JM, Blackshaw PE, Perkins AC, D’Amato M, Spiller RC. Small bowel transit of a bran meal residue in humans: sieving of solids from liquids and response to feeding. Gut. 1998;42:685–689
  117. Hermansson G, Sivertsson R. Gender-related differences in gastric emptying rate of solid meals. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1996;41:1994–1998
  118. Hiiemae KM, Palmer JB. Food transport and bolus formation during complete feeding sequences on foods of different initial consistency. Dysphagia. 1999;14:31–42
  119. Hillemeier C. An overview of the effects of dietary fiber on gastrointestinal transit. Pediatrics. 1995;9(5 Part 2):997–999
  120. Hinds JP, Stoney B, Wald A. Does gender or the menstrual cycle affect colonic transit?. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1989;84:123–126
  121. Hoebler C, Devaux M-F, Karinthi A, Belleville C, Barry J-L. Particle size of solid food after human mastication and in vitro simulation of oral breakdown. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2000;51:353–366
  122. Holloway RH, Krosin G, Lange RC, Baue AE, McCallum RW. Radionuclide oesophageal emptying of a solid meal to quantitate results of therapy in achalasia. Gastroenterology. 1983;84:771–776
  123. Horio T, Kawamura Y. Effects of texture of food on chewing patterns in the human subject. J. Oral Rehab. 1989;16:177–183
  124. Horowitz M, Maddern GJ, Chatterton BE, Collins PJ, Petrucco OM, Seamark R, et al. The normal menstrual cycle has no effect on gastric emptying. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1985;92:743–746
  125. Hou XH, Deng YB, Zhang JK. Measurement of gastric emptying in non-ulcer dyspepsia. Chung Hua Nei Ko Tsa Chih. 1992;31:623–625
  126. Houghton LA, Read NW, Heddle R, Horowitz M, Collins PJ, Chatterton B, et al. Relationship of the motor activity of the antrum, pylorus, and duodenum to gastric emptying of a solid-liquid mixed meal. Gastroenterology. 1988;94:1285–1291
  127. Hsu JJ, Kim CH, O’Connor MK, Brown ML. Effect of menstrual cycle on oesophageal emptying of liquid and solid boluses. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1993;68:753–756
  128. Hunt JN, Stubbs DF. The volume and energy content of meals as determinants of gastric emptying. J. Physiol. (Lond.). 1975;245:209–225
  129. Hurwitz A, Robinson RG, Herrin WF. Prolongation of gastric emptying by oral propantheline. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1977;22:206–210
  130. Hurwitz A, Robinson RG, Vats TS, Whittier FC, Herrin WF. Effects of antacids on gastric emptying. Gastroenterology. 1976;71:268–273
  131. Hutson WR, Roehrkasse RL, Wald A. Influence of gender and menopause on gastric emptying and motility. Gastroenterology. 1989;96:11–17
  132. Ingervall B, Thilander B. Activity of temporal and masseter muscles in children with a lateral forced bite. Angle Ortho. 1975;45:249–258
  133. Ingervall B, Thilander B. Relation between facial morphology and activity of the masticatory muscles. J. Oral Rehab. 1974;1:131–147
  134. Irvine EJ, Tougas G, Lappalainen R, Bathurst NC. Reliability and interobserver variability of ultrasonographic measurement of gastric emptying rate. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1993;38:803–810
  135. Isobe H, Sakai H, Satoh M, Sakamoto S, Nawata H. Delayed gastric emptying in patients with liver cirrhosis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1994;39:983–987
  136. Johnson LR. Essential Medical Physiology. second ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1998;
  137. Jonderko G, Golab T, Jonderko K. Effect of calcitonin on gastric emptying. Digestion. 1988;40:191–196
  138. Jonderko K, Jonderko G, Marcisz C, Golab T. Gastric emptying in hyperthyroidism. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1997;92:835–838
  139. Jorgensen F, Hesse B. Local cooling prolongs oesophageal transit in humans. Clin. Physiol. 1994;14:63–69
  140. Jorgensen F, Hesse B, Tromholt N, Hojgaard L, Stubgaard M. Esophageal scintigraphy: reproducibility and normal ranges. J. Nucl. Med. 1992;33:2106–2109
  141. Jost WH, Jung G, Shimrigk K. Colonic transit time in nonidiopathic Parkinson’s syndrome. Eur. Neurol. 1994;34:329–331
  142. Kagaya M, Iwata N, Toda Y, Nakae Y, Kondo T. Small bowel transit time and colonic fermentation in young and elderly women. J. Gastroenterol. 1997;32:453–456
  143. Kahraman H, Kaya N, Demircali A, Bernay I, Tanyeri F. Gastric emptying time in patients with primary hypothyroidism. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1997;9:901–904
  144. Kao CH, Chang Lai SP, Chieng PU, Yen TC. Gastric emptying in male neurologic trauma. J. Nucl. Med. 1998;39:1798–1801
  145. Kao CH, Chang Lai SP, Chieng PU, Yen TC. Gastric emptying in head-injured patients. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1998;93:1108–1112
  146. Kao CH, Lai TL, Wang SJ, Chen GH, Yeh SH. Influence of age on gastric emptying in healthy Chinese. Clin. Nucl. Med. 1994;19:401–404
  147. Karaus M, Wienbeck M. Colonic motility in humans – a growing understanding. Baillieres Clin. Gastroenterol. 1991;5:453–478
  148. Kaufman PN, Richter JE, Chilton HM, Kerr RM, Cowan RC, Gelfand DW, et al. Effects of liquid versus solid diet on colonic transit in humans. Evaluation by standard colonic transit scintigraphy. Gastroenterology. 1990;98:73–81
  149. Kerlin P, Byrnes O, Wong L. Radiolabelled unprocessed bran: validation of a practical labelling technique and evaluation of gastrointestinal transit profiles in health. J. Gastroenterol. Heapatol. 1989;4:119–126
  150. Khin M, Bolin TD, Oo T, et al. Investigation of small-intestine transit time in normal and malnourished children. J. Gastroenterol. 1999;34:675–679
  151. Kjellen G, Svedberg JS. Oesophageal transit of a radionuclide solid bolus in normals. Clin. Physiol. 1983;3:69–74
  152. Klauser AG, Beck A, Schindlbeck NE, Muller-Lissner SA. Low fluid intake lowers stool output in healthy male volunteers. Z. Gastroenterol. 1990;28:606–609
  153. Klauser AG, Voderholzer WA, Heinrich CA, Schindlbeck NE, Muller-Lissner SA. Behavioral modification of colonic function. Can constipation be learned?. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1990;35:1271–1275
  154. Klauser AG, Flaschentrager J, Gehrke A, Muller-Lissner SA. Abdominal wall massage: effect on colonic function in healthy volunteers and in patients with chronic constipation. Z. Gastroenterol. 1992;30:247–251
  155. Klein HA, Wald A. Computer analysis of radionuclide oesophageal transit studies. J. Nucl. Med. 1984;25:957–964
  156. Klein HA, Wald A. Normal variation in radionuclide oesophageal transit studies. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1987;13:115–120
  157. Kolster J, de Kolter CC, Castro J, Carvajal A. Study of colonic transit time with radiopaque markers in patients with chronic constipation. G E N. 1991;45:14–22
  158. Konturek JW, Thor P, Domschke W. Effects of nitric oxide on antral motility and gastric emptying in humans. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1995;7:97–102
  159. Krausz Y, Maayan C, Faber J, Marciano R, Mogle P, Wynchank S. Scintigraphic evaluation of oesophageal transit and gastric emptying in familial dysautonomia. Eur. J. Radiol. 1994;18:52–56
  160. Kupfer RM, Heppell M, Haggith JW, Bateman DN. Gastric emptying and small-bowel transit rate in the elderly. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1985;33:340–343
  161. Ladas SD, Latoufis C, Giannopoulou H, Hatziioannou J, Raptis SA. Reproducible lactulose hydrogen breath test as a measure of mouth-to-cecum transit time. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1989;34:919–924
  162. Lange A, Funch-Jensen P, Thommesen P, Schiotz PO. Gastric emptying patterns of a liquid meal in newborn infants measured by epigastric impedance. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 1997;9:55–62
  163. Lartigue S, Bizais Y, Bruley des Varannes S, Cloarec D, Galmiche JP. Measurement of gastric emptying, intestinal transit time and colonic filling by scintiscan in healthy subjects. Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. 1991;15:379–385
  164. Lartigue S, Bizais Y, Des Varannes SB, Murat A, Pouliquen B, Galmiche JP. Inter- and intrasubject variability of solid and liquid gastric emptying parameters. A scintigraphic study in healthy subjects and diabetic patients. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1994;39:109–115
  165. Lawson M, Kern F, Everson GT. Gastrointestinal transit time in human pregnancy: prolongation in the second and third trimesters followed by postpartum normalization. Gastroenterology. 1985;89:996–999
  166. Lazzaroni M, Sangaletti O, Bianchi Porro G. Effect of cisapride on gastric emptying and ileal transit time of balanced liquid meal in healthy subjects. Digestion. 1987;37:110–113
  167. Lien HC, Chen GH, Chang CS, Kao CH, Wang SJ. The effect of coffee on gastric emptying. Nucl. Med. Commun. 1995;16:923–926
  168. Lin WY, Kao CH, Hsu CY, Liao SQ, Wang SJ. The normal values of the radionuclide oesophageal transit test and the influence of age and gender in healthy Chinese. Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi. 1995;11:49–55
  169. Lin WY, Kao CH, Wang SJ, Hsu CY, Liao SQ, Yeh SH. Influence of meal energy on gastric emptying in healthy Chinese. Kao Hsiung I Hsueh Ko Hsueh Tsa Chih. 1994;10:665–668
  170. Liu F, Kondo T, Toda Y. Brief physical inactivity prolongs colonic transit time in elderly active men. Int. J. Sports Med. 1993;14:465–467
  171. MacDonald A, Baxter JN, Bessent RG, Gray HW, Finlay IG. Gastric emptying in patients with constipation following childbirth and due to idiopathic slow transit. Br. J. Surg. 1997;84:1141–1143
  172. Macgregor D, Ferguson J. Foreign body ingestion in children: an audit of transit time. J. Accid. Emerg. Med. 1998;15:371–373
  173. Macfie AG, Magides AD, Richmond MN, Reilly CS. Gastric emptying in pregnancy. Br. J. Anaesth. 1991;67:54–57
  174. Madsen JL. Effects of gender, age, and body mass index on gastrointestinal transit times. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1992;37:1548–1553
  175. Madsen JL, Hendel L. Gastrointestinal transit times of radiolabeled meal in progressive systemic sclerosis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1992;37:1404–1408
  176. Madsen JL, Larsen NE, Hilsted J, Worning H. Scintigraphic determination of gastrointestinal transit times. A comparison with breath hydrogen and radiologic methods. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1991;26:1263–1271
  177. Magazzu G, Baldari S, Conti Nibali S, Astori M, Arrigo T, De Luca F. Scintigraphic study of gastric emptying in children with common obesity. Pediatrie. 1987;42:383–385
  178. Magni G, Cadamuro M, Borgherini G, Mastropaolo G, Di Mario F. Psychological stress and gastric emptying in normal subjects. Psychol. Rep. 1991;68:739–746
  179. McClure RJ, Newell SJ. Randomised controlled trial of trophic feeding and gut motility. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1999;80:F54–F58
  180. McLean RG, Smart RC, Lubowski DZ, King DW, Barbagallo S, Talley NA. Oral colon transit scintigraphy using indium-111 DTPA: variability in healthy subjects. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 1992;7:173–176
  181. Meier R, Beglinger C, Dederding JP, Meyer-Wyss B, Fumagalli M, Rowedder A, et al. Age- and sex-specific standard values of colonic transit time in healthy subjects. Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 1992;122:940–943
  182. Meier R, Beglinger C, Dederding JP, Meyer-Wys B, Fumagalli M, Rowedder A, et al. Influence of age, gender, hormonal status and smoking habits on colonic transit time. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 1995;7:235–238
  183. Meier R, Beglinger C, Schneider H, Rowedder A, Gyr K. Effect of a liquid diet with and without soluble fiber supplementation on intestinal transit and cholecystokinin release in volunteers. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral. Nutr. 1993;17:231–235
  184. Melkersson M, Andersson H, Bosaeus I, Falkheden T. Intestinal transit time in constipated and non-constipated geriatric patients. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1983;18:593–597
  185. Metcalf AM, Phillips SF, Zinsmeister AR, MacCarty RL, Beart RW, Wolff BG. Simplified assessment of segmental colonic transit. Gastroenterology. 1987;92:40–47
  186. Miller G, Palmer KR, Smith B, Ferrington C, Merrick MV. Smoking delays gastric emptying of solids. Gut. 1989;30:50–53
  187. Mones J, Espinos JC, Carrio I, Calabuig R, Vilardell F. Gastric emptying in reflux oesophagitis. Effect of metoclopramide and cinitapride. Med. Clin. (Barc.). 1989;93:331–334
  188. Mones J, Carrio I, Calabuig R, Estorch M, Sainz S, Berna L, et al. Influence of the menstrual cycle and of menopause on the gastric emptying rates of solids in female volunteers. Eur. J. Nuc. Med. 1993;20:600–602
  189. Montgomery M, Escobar-Billing R, Hellstrom PM, Karlsson KA, Frenckner B. Impaired gastric emptying in children with repaired oesophageal atresia: a controlled study. J. Pediatr. Surg. 1998;33:476–480
  190. Moore JG, Datz FL, Christian PE. Exercise increases solid meal gastric emptying rates in men. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1990;35:428–432
  191. Moore JG, Tweedy C, Christian PE, Datz FL. Effect of age on gastric emptying of liquid-solid meals in man. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1983;28:340–344
  192. Mourot J, Thouvenot P, Couet C, Antoine JM, Krobicka A, Debry G. Relationship between the rate of gastric emptying and glucose and insulin responses to starchy foods in young healthy adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1988;48:1035–1040
  193. Murphy MS, Nelson R, Eastham EJ. Measurement of small intestinal transit time in children. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 1988;77:802–806
  194. Naveri H, Tikkanen H, Kairento AL, Harkonen M. Gastric emptying and serum insulin levels after intake of glucose-polymer solutions. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 1989;58:661–665
  195. NCRP, 1998. Evaluating the Reliability of Biokinetic and Dosimetric Models and Parameters Used to Assess Individual Doses for Risk Assessment Purposes. NCRP Commentary No. 15. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda.
  196. Nguyen HN, Silny J, Albers D, Roeb E, Gartung C, Rau G, et al. Dynamics of esophageal bolus transport in healthy subjects studied using multiple intraluminal impedancometry. Am. J. Physiol. 1997;273:G958–G964
  197. Nicholl CG, Carolan G, Sevelius H, Bloom SR. Effect of enprostil on gastric emptying, intestinal transit time and post-prandial release of gastro-intestinal peptides. Digestion. 1989;43:47–55
  198. Notivol R, Carrio I, Cano L, Estorch M, Vilardell F. Gastric emptying of solid and liquid meals in healthy young subjects. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1984;19:1107–1113
  199. Nowak A, Jonderko K, Kaczor R, Nowak S, Skrzypek D. Effect of cigarette smoking on gastric emptying in patients with an active duodenal ulcer. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1987;22:1105–1108
  200. Nowak TV, Johnson CP, Kalbfleisch JH, Roza AM, Wood CM, Weisbruch JP, et al. Highly variable gastric emptying in patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Gut. 1995;37:23–29
  201. Pai CG, Kurian G. A modified radiographic method for estimating segmental colonic transit time in subjects with rapid gut transit. Indian J. Med. Res. 1999;110:22–26
  202. Payler DK, Pomare EW, Heaton KW, Harvey RF. The effect of wheat bran on intestinal transit. Gut. 1975;16:209–213
  203. Perkins AC, Wilson CG, Frier M, Blackshaw PE, Juan D, Dansereau RJ, et al. Oesophageal transit, disintegration and gastric emptying of a film-coated risedronate placebo tablet in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and normal control subjects. Aliment. Pharmacol. 2001;15:115–121
  204. Perkins AC, Wilson CG, Frier M, Vincent RM, Blackshaw PE, Dansereau RJ, et al. Oesophageal transit of risedronate cellulose-coated tablet and gelatin capsule formulations. Int. J. Pharm. 1999;186:169–175
  205. Perkins AC, Wilson CG, Blackshaw PE, Vincent RM, Dansereau RJ, Juhlin KD, et al. Impaired oesophageal transit of capsule versus tablet formulations in the elderly. Gut. 1994;35:1363–1367
  206. Perman JA, Barr RG, Watkins JB. Sucrose malabsorption in children, non-invasive diagnosis by interval breath hydrogen determination. J. Paediatr. 1978;93:17–22
  207. Phillips WT, Salman UA, McMahan CA, Schwartz JG. Accelerated gastric emptying in hypertensive subjects. J. Nucl. Med. 1997;38:207–211
  208. Phillips WT, Schwartz JG, McMahan CA. Rapid gastric emptying of an oral glucose solution in type 2 diabetic patients. J. Nucl. Med. 1992;33:1496–1500
  209. Phillips WT, Schwartz JG, Blumhardt R, McMahan CA. Linear gastric emptying of hyperosmolar glucose solutions. J. Nucl. Med. 1991;32:377–381
  210. Piccione PR, Holt PR, Culpepper-Morgan JA, Paris P, O’Bryan L, Ferdinands L, et al. Intestinal dysmotility syndromes in the elderly: measurement of orocecal transit time. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1990;85:161–164
  211. Pigeon N, Leroi AM, Devroede G, Watier A, Denis P, Weber J, et al. Colonic transit time in patients with myelomeningocele. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 1997;9:63–70
  212. Ploutz-Snyder L, Foley J, Ploutz-Snyder R, Kanaley J, Sagendorf K, Meyer R. Gastric gas and fluid emptying assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 1999;79:212–220
  213. Pouderoux P, Shi G, Tatum RP, Kahrilas PJ. Esophageal solid bolus transit: studies using concurrent videofluoroscopy and manometry. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1999;94:1457–1463
  214. Price JM, Davis SS, Sparrow RA, Wilding IR. The effect of meal composition on the gastrocolonic response: implications for drug delivery to the colon. Pharm. Res. 1993;10:722–726
  215. Probert CJ, Emmett PM, Heaton KW. Intestinal transit time in the population calculated from self made observations of defecation. J. Epidemiol. Community Health. 1993;47:331–333
  216. Rademaker AW, Pauloski BR, Colangelo LA, Logemann JA. Age and volume effects on liquid swallowing function in normal women. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 1998;41:275–284
  217. Rao SSC, Read NW, Brown C, Bruce C, Holdsworth CD. Studies on the mechanism of bowel disturbance in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 1987;93:934–940
  218. Rashid MU, Bateman DN. Effect of mefenamic acid on bowel transit time in healthy adult volunteers. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 1990;4:417–422
  219. Read NW, Al-Janabi MN, Holgate AM, Barber DC, Edwards CA. Simultaneous measurement of gastric emptying, small bowel residence and colonic filling of a solid meal by the use of the gamma camera. Gut. 1986;27:300–308
  220. Read NW, Miles CA, Fisher D, Holgate AM, Kime ND, Mitchell MA, et al. Transit of a meal through the stomach, small intestine, and colon in normal subjects and its role in the pathogenesis of diarrhea. Gastroenterology. 1980;79:1276–1282
  221. Robertson G, Meshkinpour H, Vandenberg K, James N, Cohen A, Wilson A. Effects of exercise on total and segmental colon transit. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 1993;16:300–303
  222. Roy SK, Akramuzzaman SM, Akbar MS. Persistent diarrhea: total gut transit time and its relationship with nutrient absorption and clinical response. J. Pediatr. Gastroentrol. Nutr. 1991;13:409–414
  223. Ruemmele FM, Heine WE, Keller KM, Lentze MJ. Metabolism of glycosyl ureides by human intestinal brush border enzymes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1997;1336:275–280
  224. Saavedra JM, Brown KH, Nakashima J. A new approach to characterize whole-gut transit in infants with use of a nonabsorbable intestinal marker. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1989;50:1464–1471
  225. Sand A, Ham H, Piepsz A. Oesophageal transit patterns in healthy subjects. Nucl. Med. Commun. 1986;7:741–745
  226. Sandhar BK, Elliott RH, Windram I, Rowbotham DJ. Peripartum changes in gastric emptying. Anaesthesia. 1992;47:196–198
  227. Santos SL, Barcelos IK, Mesquita MA. Total and segmental colonic transit time in constipated patients with Chagas disease without megaoesophagus or megacolon. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2000;33:43–49
  228. Satake K, Hongo M, Ujiie H, Okuno Y, Goto Y. The effect of cisapride on intestinal transit. Nippon Heikatsukin Gakkai Zasshi. 1988;24:55–60
  229. Scarpignato C, Vitulo F, Zimbaro G, Tirelli F, Bonanno N. A simple method for the measurement of human gastric emptying: standardization of operative parameters. Radiol. Med. (Torino). 1983;69:202–207
  230. Schvarcz E, Palmer M, Aman J, Horowitz M, Stridsberg M, Berne C. Physiological hyperglycemia slows gastric emptying in normal subjects and patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Gastroenterology. 1997;113:60–68
  231. Schwartz JG, Green GM, Guan D, McMahan CA, Phillips WT. Rapid gastric emptying of a solid pancake meal in type II diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1996;19:468–471
  232. Schwartz JG, Salman UA, McMahan CA, Phillips WT. Gastric emptying of beer in Mexican-Americans compared with non-Hispanic whites. Metabolism. 1996;45:1174–1178
  233. Schwartz JG, McMahan CA, Green GM, Phillips WT. Gastric emptying in Mexican-Americans compared to non-Hispanic whites. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1995;40:624–630
  234. Scott AM, Kellow JE, Shuter B, Nolan JM, Hoschl R, Jones MP. Effects of cigarette smoking on solid and liquid intragastric distribution and gastric emptying. Gastroenterology. 1993;104:410–416
  235. Segal JL, Milne N, Brunnemann SR. Gastric emptying is impaired in patients with spinal cord injury. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1995;90:466–470
  236. Sesboue B, Arhan P, Devroede G, Lecointe-Besancon I, Congard P, Bouchoucha M, et al. Colonic transit in soccer players. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 1995;20:211–214
  237. Shafer RB, Prentiss RA, Bond JH. Gastrointestinal transit in thyroid disease. Gastroenterology. 1984;86:852–855
  238. Sharma SS, Bhargava N, Mathur SC. Effect of oral erythromycin on colonic transit in patients with idiopathic constipation. A pilot study. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1995;40:2446–2449
  239. Sharpstone D, Neild P, Crane R, Taylor C, Hodgson C, Sherwood R, et al. Small intestinal transit, absorption, and permeability in patients with AIDS with and without diarrhoea. Gut. 1999;45:70–76
  240. Shaw DW, Cook IJ, Gabb M, Holloway RH, Simula ME, Panagopoulos V, et al. Influence of normal aging on oral-pharyngeal and upper oesophageal sphincter function during swallowing. Am. J. Physiol. 1995;268:G389–G396
  241. Shay SS, Eggli D, McDonald C, Johnson LF. Gastric emptying of solid food in patients with gastrooesophageal reflux. Gastroenterology. 1987;92:459–465
  242. Sidery MB, MacDonald IA, Blackshaw PE. Superior mesenteric artery blood flow and gastric emptying in humans and the differential effects of high fat and high carbohydrate meals. Gut. 1994;35:186–190
  243. Siegel JA, Urbain JL, Adler LP, Charkes ND, Maurer AH, Krevsky B, et al. Biphasic nature of gastric emptying. Gut. 1988;29:85–89
  244. Sievers E, Oldigs H-D, Schulz-Lell G, Schaub J. Faecal excretion in infants. Eur. J. Pediatr. 1993;152:452–454
  245. Signer E. Gastric emptying in newborns and young infants. Measurement of the rate of emptying using indium-113m-microcolloid. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 1975;64:525–530
  246. Smith HL, Hollins GW, Booth IW. Epigastric impedance recording for measuring gastric emptying in children: how useful is it?. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 1993;17:201–206
  247. Smith HL, Hollins GW, Booth IW, Weller PH. Gastric emptying of liquids in cystic fibrosis. Acta Univ. Carol. [Med.] (Praha). 1990;36:161–164
  248. Spanish Group for the Study of Digestive Motility, 1998. Measurement of colonic transit time (total and segmental) with radiopaque markers. National reference values obtained in 192 healthy subjects. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 21, 71–75.
  249. Stacher G, Bergmann H. Scintigraphic quantitation of gastrointestinal motor activity and transport: oesophagus and stomach. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1992;19:815–823
  250. Stacher G, Bergmann H, Wiesnagrotzki S, Kiss A, Schneider C, Mittelbach G, et al. Intravenous cisapride accelerates delayed gastric emptying and increases antral contraction amplitude in patients with primary anorexia nervosa. Gastroenterology. 1987;92:1000–1006
  251. Staniforth DH, Baird IM, Fowler J, Lister RE. The effects of dietary fibre on upper and lower gastro-intestinal transit times and faecal bulking. J. Int. Med. Res. 1991;19:228–233
  252. Stephen AM, Wiggins HS, Cummings JH. Effect of changing transit time on colonic microbial metabolism in man. Gut. 1987;28:601–609
  253. Stolovitz P, Gisel EG. Circumoral movements in response to three different food textures in children 6 months to 2 years of age. Dysphagia. 1991;6:17–25
  254. Stubbs JB. A new mathematical model of gastrointestinal transit that incorporates age- and gender-dependent physiological parameters. In:  Watson EE,  Schlafke-Stelson A editor. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry. Springfield Virginia: National Technical Information Service; 1991;
  255. Stubbs JB. Results from a new mathematical model of gastrointestinal transit that incorporates age and gender-dependent physiological parameters. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 1992;41:63–69
  256. Suzuki S. Experimental studies on the presumption of the time after food intake from stomach contents. Forensic Sci. Int. 1987;35:83–117
  257. Talley NJ, Phillips SF, Haddad A, Miller LJ, Twomey C, Zinsmeister AR, et al. GR 38032F (ondansetron), a selective 5HT3 receptor antagonist, slows colonic transit in healthy man. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1990;35:477–480
  258. Tatsch K, Schroettle W, Kirsch CM. Multiple swallow test for the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of esophageal motility disorders. J. Nucl. Med. 1991;32:1365–1370
  259. Toepfer M, Schroeder M, Klauser A, Lochmuller H, Hirschmann M, Riepl RL, et al. Delayed colonic transit times in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis assessed with radio-opaque markers. Eur. J. Med. Res. 1997;28:473–476
  260. Toepfer M, Folwaczny C, Lochmuller H, Schroeder M, Riepl RL, Pongratz D, et al. Noninvasive (13)C-octanoic acid breath test shows delayed gastric emptying in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Digestion. 1999;60:567–571
  261. Tolin RD, Malmud LS, Reilley J, Fisher RS. Oesophageal scintigraphy to quantitate oesophageal transit (quantitation of oesophageal transit). Gastroenterology. 1979;76:1402–1408
  262. Tougas G, Chen Y, Coates G, Paterson W, Dallaire C, Pare P, et al. Standardization of a simplified scintigraphic methodology for the assessment of gastric emptying in a multicenter setting. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2000;95:78–86
  263. Tougas G, Eaker EY, Abell TL, Abrahamsson H, Boivin M, Chen J, et al. Assessment of gastric emptying using a low fat meal: establishment of international control values. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:1456–1462
  264. Troncon LE, Oliveira RB, Romanello LM, Rosa-e-Silva L, Pinto MC, Iazigi N. Abnormal progression of a liquid meal through the stomach and small intestine in patients with Chagas disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1993;38:1511–1517
  265. Troncon LE, Rosa-e-Silva L, Oliveira RB, Iazigi N, Gallo L, Foss MC. Abnormal intragastric distribution of a liquid nutrient meal in patients with diabetes mellitus. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1998;43:1421–1429
  266. Triadafilopoulos G, Tsang HP, Segall GM. Hot water swallows improve symptoms and accelerate esophageal clearance in esophageal motility disorders. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 1998;26:239–244
  267. Urbain JL, Siegel JA, Charkes ND, Maurer AH, Malmud LS, Fisher RS. The two-component stomach: effects of meal particle size on fundal and antral emptying. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1989;15:254–259
  268. Urbain JL, Siegel JA, Mortelmans L, van Cutsem E, van den Maegdenbergh V, de Roo M. Effect of solid-meal caloric content on gastric emptying kinetics of solids and liquids. Nuklearmedizin. 1989;28:120–123
  269. Usami A, Mizukami Y, Onji M. Abnormal gastric motility in liver cirrhosis: roles of secretin. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1998;43:2392–2397
  270. Vaisman N, Weintrob N, Blumental A, Yosefsberg Z, Vardi P. Gastric emptying in patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1999;873:506–511
  271. van den Driessche M, Van Malderen N, Geypens B, Ghoos Y, Veereman-Wauters G. Lactose-[13C]ureide breath test: a new, noninvasive technique to determine orocecal transit time in children. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2000;31:433–438
  272. van den Driessche M, Peeters K, Marien P, Ghoos Y, Devlieger H, Veereman-Wauters G. Gastric emptying in formula-fed and breast-fed infants measured with the 13C-octanoic acid breath test. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 1999;29:46–51
  273. van der Sijp JR, Kamm MA, Nightingale JM, Britton KE, Granowska M, Mather SJ, et al. Disturbed gastric and small bowel transit in severe idiopathic constipation. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1993;38:837–844
  274. Vattimo A, Burroni L, Bertelli P, Messina M, Meucci D, Tota G. Total and segmental colon transit time in constipated children assessed by scintigraphy with 111In-DTPA given orally. J. Nucl. Biol. Med. 1993;37:218–222
  275. Veereman-Wauters G, Ghoos Y, van der Schoor S, Maes B, Hebbalkar N, Devlieger H, et al. The 13C-octanoic acid breath test: a noninvasive technique to assess gastric emptying in preterm infants. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 1996;23:111–117
  276. Vidon N, Pfeiffer A, Chayvialle JA, Merite F, Maurel M, Franchisseur C, et al. Effect of jejunal infusion of nutrients on gastrointestinal transit and hormonal response in man. Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. 1989;13:1042–1049
  277. Vist GE, Maughan RJ. The effect of osmolality and carbohydrate content on the rate of gastric emptying of liquids in man. J. Physiol. (Lond.). 1995;486(Part 2):523–531
  278. Walker S, Meinke J, Klotz U, Treiber G, Bode JC. Gastric emptying in non-responders to H2–receptor antagonists. Klin. Wochenschr. 1990;68:959–963
  279. Waller SL. Differential measurement of small and large bowel transit times in constipation and diarrhoea: a new approach. Gut. 1975;16:372–378
  280. Wickwire NA, Gibbs CH, Jacobson AP, Lundeen HC. Chewing patterns in normal children. Angle Ortho. 1981;51:48–60
  281. Wong PW, Kadakia SC, McBiles M. Acute effect of nicotine patch on gastric emptying of liquid and solid contents in healthy subjects. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1999;44:2165–2171
  282. Wright RA, Krinsky S, Feeman C, Trujillo J, Teague E. Gastric emptying and obesity. Gastroenterology. 1983;84:747–751
  283. Wutzke KD, Heine WE, Plath C, Leitzmann P, Radke M, Mohr C, et al. Evaluation of oro-caecal transit time: a comparison of the lactose-[13C, 15N]ureide 13CO2-and the lactulose H2-breath test. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1997;51:11–19
  284. Zahorska-Markiewicz B, Jonderko K, Lelek A, Skrzypek D. Gastric emptying in obesity. Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. 1986;40:309–313
  285. Zaslavsky C, da Silveira TR, Maguilnik I. Total and segmental colonic transit time with radio-opaque markers in adolescents with functional constipation. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 1998;27:138–142

PII: S0146-6453(06)00018-2

doi: 10.1016/j.icrp.2006.03.015

Annals of the ICRP
Volume 36, Issue 1 , Pages 203-232 , March 2006